HasOne

A HasOne relationship connects a parent model to a single child record. Like HasMany, the foreign key lives on the child model, but HasOne enforces that at most one child exists per parent.

Defining a HasOne relationship

Add a #[has_one] field of type HasOne<T> on the parent model. The child model must have a corresponding #[belongs_to] field with a #[unique] foreign key (since each parent maps to at most one child):

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,

    name: String,

    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Option<Profile>>,
}

#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,

    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,

    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,

    bio: String,
}
}

The child’s foreign key has #[unique] instead of #[index], which guarantees that only one profile can reference a given user. In the database:

CREATE TABLE profiles (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
    user_id INTEGER,
    bio TEXT NOT NULL
);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_profiles_user_id ON profiles (user_id);

Optional vs required HasOne

The type parameter on HasOne controls whether the parent must have a child.

Optional: `HasOne<Option<Profile>>`

The parent may or may not have a child. Creating a parent without a child is allowed:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    name: String,
    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Option<Profile>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,
    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,
    bio: String,
}
async fn __example(mut db: toasty::Db) -> toasty::Result<()> {
// A user without a profile — this is fine
let user = toasty::create!(User { name: "Alice" }).exec(&mut db).await?;

assert!(user.profile().exec(&mut db).await?.is_none());
Ok(())
}
}

Required: `HasOne<Profile>`

The parent must have a child. Creating a parent requires providing a child:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Profile>,
}
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,
    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,
    bio: String,
}
async fn __example(mut db: toasty::Db) -> toasty::Result<()> {
// Must provide a profile when creating the user
let user = toasty::create!(User {
    profile: { bio: "Hello" },
})
.exec(&mut db)
.await?;

let profile = user.profile().exec(&mut db).await?;
assert_eq!(profile.bio, "Hello");
Ok(())
}
}

Call the relation method on the parent instance to load the child:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    name: String,
    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Option<Profile>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,
    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,
    bio: String,
}
async fn __example(mut db: toasty::Db) -> toasty::Result<()> {
let user = toasty::create!(User { name: "Alice", profile: { bio: "A person" } })
    .exec(&mut db)
    .await?;
// For HasOne<Option<Profile>> — returns Option<Profile>
let profile = user.profile().exec(&mut db).await?;

if let Some(profile) = profile {
    println!("Bio: {}", profile.bio);
}
Ok(())
}
}

For a required HasOne<Profile>, .get() returns Profile directly (not wrapped in Option).

Each call to .profile().exec() executes a database query. To avoid this, use preloading.

Creating through the relation

Create a child for an existing parent through the relation accessor:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    name: String,
    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Option<Profile>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,
    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,
    bio: String,
}
async fn __example(mut db: toasty::Db) -> toasty::Result<()> {
let user = toasty::create!(User { name: "Alice" }).exec(&mut db).await?;

let profile = toasty::create!(in user.profile() { bio: "A person" })
    .exec(&mut db)
    .await?;

assert_eq!(profile.user_id, Some(user.id));
Ok(())
}
}

Or create the parent and child together:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    name: String,
    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Option<Profile>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,
    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,
    bio: String,
}
async fn __example(mut db: toasty::Db) -> toasty::Result<()> {
let user = toasty::create!(User {
    name: "Alice",
    profile: { bio: "A person" },
})
.exec(&mut db)
.await?;
Ok(())
}
}

Updating the relation

Replacing with a new child

Create a new child and associate it with the parent in an update:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    name: String,
    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Option<Profile>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,
    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,
    bio: String,
}
async fn __example(mut db: toasty::Db) -> toasty::Result<()> {
let mut user = toasty::create!(User { name: "Alice", profile: { bio: "Old bio" } })
    .exec(&mut db)
    .await?;
user.update()
    .profile(toasty::create!(Profile { bio: "New bio" }))
    .exec(&mut db)
    .await?;

let profile = user.profile().exec(&mut db).await?.unwrap();
assert_eq!(profile.bio, "New bio");
Ok(())
}
}

Associating an existing child

Pass a reference to an existing child record:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use toasty::Model;
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct User {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[has_one]
    profile: toasty::HasOne<Option<Profile>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, toasty::Model)]
struct Profile {
    #[key]
    #[auto]
    id: u64,
    #[unique]
    user_id: Option<u64>,
    #[belongs_to(key = user_id, references = id)]
    user: toasty::BelongsTo<Option<User>>,
}
async fn __example(mut db: toasty::Db) -> toasty::Result<()> {
let user = toasty::create!(User {}).exec(&mut db).await?;
let profile = toasty::create!(Profile {}).exec(&mut db).await?;

User::filter_by_id(user.id)
    .update()
    .profile(&profile)
    .exec(&mut db)
    .await?;
Ok(())
}
}

Unsetting the relation

For an optional HasOne, pass None to disassociate the child:

user.update().profile(None).exec(&mut db).await?;

// The profile no longer belongs to the user
assert!(user.profile().exec(&mut db).await?.is_none());

What happens to the child when you unset the relation depends on the child’s foreign key:

Child’s foreign key type	Effect of unsetting
Required (`user_id: u64`)	Deletes the child record
Optional (`user_id: Option<u64>`)	Sets the foreign key to `NULL`

Deleting behavior

When you delete a parent, the behavior depends on the child’s foreign key type:

Required foreign key (user_id: u64): Toasty deletes the child record, since it cannot exist without a parent.
Optional foreign key (user_id: Option<u64>): Toasty sets the foreign key to NULL, leaving the child record in place.

What gets generated

For a User model with #[has_one] profile: HasOne<Option<Profile>>, Toasty generates:

Method	Returns	Description
`user.profile()`	Relation accessor	Accessor for the associated profile
`.get(&mut db)`	`Result<Option<Profile>>`	Load the associated profile
`.create()`	Create builder	Create a profile with the foreign key pre-filled
`toasty::create!(User { profile: { ... } })`	Create builder	Associate a profile on creation
`user.update().profile(...)`	Update builder	Replace or associate a profile
`user.update().profile(None)`	Update builder	Disassociate the profile
`User::fields().profile()`	Field path	Used with `.include()` for preloading

Keyboard shortcuts

Toasty Guide